Well, I'm a bit embarrassed to say that in the end, it was one of the two 8MB RAM modules (or both): I plugged in the 32MB one that came with the replacement 6300CD board, and it worked like a charm. I lightly sanded the contacts of the 8MB ones, reseated them, and it did not help. So I went ahead and bought a 32MB module, and I guess I'll put the 6300CD board for sale again on eBay, unless someone wants it on this BB.
Also, for documentation sake, here are the events during the boot process:
- After pressing the ON key on the keyboard, chime is heard in less than one second
- We can then hear the HDD do its self-test for 1-2 seconds
- Only after 9-10s can we hear the CRT degauss event (thump) followed by the HDD boot actuation
- Shortly afterwards (~2s) we see the CRT come on with the OS boot screen
I hope this helps future Mac tinkerers