and shipping out of China is subsidized by the Chinese government
I'm curious to hear more about that. That's not a detail I'd ever heard before.
I had kind of presumed that it wasn't much more expensive than US land shipping because, if you use the inexpensive routes, it legitimately isn't that much of an added cost, given how many things come across at once.
The only time selling Apple inventory made sense was when production was in the US
I'm curious as to what you mean by this because to me I can't quite make this sentence fit.
Are you saying: The only time it made sense for Apple to fill up warehouses, or something else?
Before 1998 when the Power Macintosh G3 was introduced and Apple opened its own online store, all Macs were built to particular configurations. You couldn't custom order a Mac at all until then, so it made sense to build, say, a couple hundred thousand of each available configuration and stick them in a warehouse until people bought them. (In reality, this didn't actually make any sense and this, especially in the era when there were a dozen different store-specific variations of each performa, caused Apple a lot of problems)
It wasn't until the perform and powerpc eras that there were a bunch of different configurations for each amchine. I believe until the Performa 630 series launched, the machines with the most configuration options were, like, the IIfx and Quadra 900/950. The IIfx in particular had three configurations when I looked: 4/0, 4/80, and 4/160 with A/UX.
Also: Apple built the Mac Pro 6,1 (the just-outgoing model, from 2013) in the US and didn't stockpile warehouses of them.
So I can see just custom making everything
You know... I wrote earlier that the early Dell/Gateway model of dalling someone on the phone, ordering a machine, and having someone hand-assemble it didn't make sense, but most of Apple's machines are, I'm about 99% certain, 100% machine-assembled. Hypothetically a computer-controlled assembly line could control the configuration of each machine based entirely on, essentially, which bits it solders onto the board.
Build-to-order models have always been built just-in-time, but as a way of simplifying that process, I can see why you'd want to just solder everything to the board, presuming that's easier than, say, having a robot plop a CPU in a socket or install cards. From an.....
operations standpoint (i.e. Tim Cook's specialty, his literal job before Jobs kicked it) it makes perfect sense to retool your computer line-up to be easier for robots to assemble.
pretty much everything was made overseas since NAFTA.
For what it's worth, NAFTA largely has no impact on US trade with, say, China, because, as the name (North American Free Trade Agreement) implies, it's an agreement only between the US, Canada, and Mexico. (Fun random fact: Interstate 11 that's coming together in California and Nevada is indirectly part of NAFTA.)
The US has historically had relatively favorable separate trade agreements with lots of different countries and groups of countries, though.
Manufacturing jobs leaving the US can be credited with any number of things. NAFTA is among them, but few if any at all
tech manufacturing jobs have left the US, bound specifically for Canada or Mexico, so I don't think it's involved here, specifically.