I guarantee it's a hard drive controller. That board assembly was connected to the hard drive via two cables, a 34 pin one and a skinner 20 pin one, right? That is ST-506 cabling:Hey Gorgonops - Im only going by what someone said earlier on here - someone said memory board , someone else said 'MFM to' (just checked, that was you- haha) - i have no idea gorgonops. Im calling in the 'X' board.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST-506
Standard for "inexpensive" MFM and RLL hard disks from the late 1970's up through the end of the 1980's. This is an extremely "dumb" interface, not much more sophisticated than that for floppy drives, and has extremely strict requirements/limitations on cable length, controller latency, etc. Therefore it was very common when these drives were used on slow computers or in external boxes to use a controller board directly attached to the drive that handled the fast, dumb communication there and presented a more forgiving and simpler to interface to connector on the other side. That is what you have there. A common standard for the other side was called "SASI", which was an 8-bit parallel interface similar to SCSI, and I suspect that is what the host adapter card plugged into your motherboard supports.
Crack open an old enough external SCSI case and you'll often find a similar board doing SCSI-to-RLL or SCSI-to-EDSI (another obsolete interface standard) conversion in front of the actual drive.























