No, its 4 layers. But the inner two layers share VCC/Ground/Traces.
Yes, the vias are connecting all 4 layers. BUT, there is an annular ring gap on the layers that dont intersect the via.
Try working on modern boards. They are 6+ layers, and have hidden vias. Vias between layers that dont protrude to the top and bottom.
As far as diagram, Nope. you will have to follow the schematic.
BTW, all mac logic boards are at least 4 layers.
The reason they decided to run traces inner layer, is so they didnt have to weave the traces top-bottom-top-bottom alongside the traces that already are on the top and bottom. This is basically to prevent race conditions that occur when you do that alot.
On modern super speed systems, notice the traces between processors/RAM/ROM are meandered. look like squiggly S. This is keep all the trace "lengths" identical between all pin connections to one another. For this very reason.
on modern high speed systems, thats a requirement. You would need an advanced cad package like Altium or something of the like, and the autorouter do to that for you
if you do it manually, well, good luck. lol.
Trust me, ive ran down battery damaged SE/30 boards and got them running again, I feel your pain.