Yay! Progress! I grabbed a random motherboard out of the pile o' boards. It booted fine with MODE32, despite having no sound and smelling like fish when it warmed up. That got me worried that maybe I was damaging the motherboards somehow when I was recapping them.
On a hunch, I thought... MAYBE it's the RAM. So I swapped the RAM directly, slot for slot, from the working board to my recapped board. It worked!
So I think there's something about this hodge podge of RAM chips of which Apple's 32-bit enabler is more tolerant than the MODE32.
I'm gonna AltaVista some of these chips and see how fast they are. Maybe Techknight is onto something. Maybe Apple's 32-bit enabler doesn't care about that 10ns, but MODE32 does.
That's a lot of maybes, but it's the best lead I have.