I can't really make out the markings on that large chip, but it looks to me like a SCSI upgrade daughter card. Plus that ribbon cable should have a DB-25 port at the end, doesn't it?
It's too small to be an 680x0 in a DIP package and it's slightly too large to be anything 8 bit (and that can't be it either because A/No such thing existed before the IIe emulation card for the LC PDS and B/There are only two chips on the PCB, an accelerator usually needs more and a couple of capacitors as well)
All that being said, those upgrade cards (whatever they may be) are really nice. Great find!
More pics, please!